Secrets of the Color Coding in a Catholic Mass

         The term "color coding" is not the right term to describe the colors that are being used in a sacred mass. These colors are called Liturgical Colors. These colors are important for us to know what is the Liturgical season we are celebrating every mass or everyday.
         Liturgical Colors are those specific colors which are being used for vestments, altar coverings to denote special times in the Church. The symbolism of colors may serve to underline moods appropriate to a season of the liturgical year or may highlight a special occasion.
         These are the Liturgical Colors that are being used:

WHITE 

LIGHT, INNOCENCE, PURITY, JOY, TRIUMPH, GLORY

> Season of Christmas
> Season of Easter
> Feasts of the Lord, other than of His passion
> Feasts of Mary, the angels, and saints who are not
    martyrs
> All Saints (1 November)
> Feasts of the Apostles
> Nuptial Masses
> Masses for the dead (Requiem Masses) when
   the deceased is a baptized child who died before the
   age of reason.
                  
 Note: White is the color of Popes' non-liturgical dress. White can be replaced by Silver

RED

THE PASSION, BLOOD, FIRE, GOD'S LOVE, MARTYRDOM

> Feasts of the Lord's passion, Blood, and Cross
> Feasts of the martyrs
> Palm Sunday
> Pentecost

Note: Red is the color of  Cardinals' non-liturgical dress.

GREEN

THE HOLY GHOST, LIFE ETERNAL, HOPE

> Time After Epiphany
> Time After Pentecost

PURPLE

PENANCE, HUMILITY, MELANCHOLY 

> Season of Advent

> Season of Septuagesima

> Season of Lent

> Rogation Days

> Ember Days (except for Pentecost Ember Days)

> Vigils except for Ascencion and Pentecost

> Good Friday

Note: Violet, literally "amaranth red", is the color of Bishops', Archbishops' and Patriarchs' non-liturgical dress.

BLACK

MOURNING SORROW

> All souls Day

> Masses for the dead (Requiem Masses), except for 

    baptized children who have died before the age 

    of reason.

ROSE

JOY

> Gaudete Sunday (third Sunday of Advent)

> Laetare Sunday (Fourth Sunday of Lent)

GOLD

JOY

> Gold can replace white, red, or green (but not violet or 

    black)

          Now you have already known the meaning of the Liturgical Colors, let us not make any funny judges of what our Church are using rather let us respect it.

REFERENCE:
http://orthodoxwiki.org/Liturgical_colors
http://www.catholic.org

Mathematics in Juggling

             JUGGLING is a skill involving moving objects for entertainment or sport. The pros used in juggling are balls or beanbags, rings, clubs and bounce balls. The term Juggling derives from the Middle English "Jogelen" in turn from the Old French "Jangler". 
             Whatever a person's movement background, everyone can learn something from juggling. It is an ideal Physical Education and classroom activity which targets all three kinds of educational domains:
      1. Psycohomotor: Juggling is a skill which requires timing, hand-eye coordination, and throwing and catching skills. These encompass both gross and fine motor coordination.
      2. Cognitive: To succeed in juggling students must understand the pattern, imagine and focus on a target for their throws, and comprehend the rhythmic cycling of the arms.
      3. Affective: Juggling is an excellent task for teaching goal setting, tracking of improvement, perseverance, and delay of gratification.
SIMULATION SOFTWARE DERIVES NEW TRICKS FROM MATH
            Even old jugglers can learn new tricks from mathematics. Several computer algorithms are able to simulate the combinatorial patterns of juggling and generate new ones that even experienced jugglers had never thought of. Mathematicians Ron Graham and Joe Buhler have been juggling for more than 30 years. SAN DIEGO -- If you've ever been to a circus, you've no doubt witnessed a juggling show. It takes skill, concentration, and even a little courage! But do you have what it takes to juggle? It looks hard, but now computer science makes learning new tricks easier for both beginners and pros.

"It's a nice combination of abstract form and pattern and physical activity, but really it's a just a very pure form of play," Buhler, a professor and director of communications research at Reed College in Portland, Ore., tells DBIS.

"It's like bicycle riding," says Graham, a computer science and mathematics professor at the University of California, San Diego. "Once you learn it, you don't forget."

They learned by watching others. Now, computer programs apply mathematics to help jugglers form new patterns.

"You just didn't realize what some things were possible until you actually saw them simulated on the computer, and you say, 'Oh, yes, I see,'" Graham says.

The program assigns a number to each throw. A one is when the juggler passes the ball directly to his other side. A four goes straight up, and a five is a little higher. You can make the computer-generated pattern easy or hard, and select just about any object to watch the program juggle. You can also watch multiple people perform patterns and see the ball from all angles.

While the program helps, Buhler says there's really only one way to become as good as him and Graham: "Practice. Lots of practice!"

            BACKGROUND: Mathematical models of juggling give performers a better understanding of the science behind their tricks, and help them develop new juggling routines. Several computer programs are available that identify workable juggling patterns and animate them. Jugglers can see what a particular pattern looks like before trying it out in real life. They can even check out juggling feats that are humanly impossible. Mathematical theory has suggested new juggling patterns, some of which are beginning to gain in popularity. These models are now on the web, available for easy download for anyone who wants to learn how to juggle like a pro.

            PATTERN RECOGNITION: For a single juggler, there are three basic patterns. The "cascade" is the most common, in which an odd number of balls are tossed from one hand to the other. Then there is the "fountain," in which balls are thrown and caught with the same hand, traditionally used for an even number of objects. Finally, there is the "shower," in which all the objects are tossed in a circle. A juggler may also choose to "multiplex": throwing more than one object from a single hand simultaneously.

            MODELING BEHAVIOR: Any mathematical model for juggling must incorporate both ball motion and hand motion. The motion behind juggling can be modeled as standard projectile motion, involving multiple objects with interweaving paths. The patterns of those paths are periodic cycles: they repeat, rather than change continuously. And the number of possible patterns is relatively small. The most common objects used by jugglers are balls, clubs and rings, and each has very different physical characteristics that determine how they can best be modeled on a computer. Balls can be modeled with standard particle system dynamics, while the more oddly-shaped clubs and rings work better with a rigid body system. But no two throws or catches will ever be exactly the same because there are so many variables associated with throwing, including angle of release, release velocity, and height of throws. Skilled jugglers are able to tightly control such variables to throw the objects as consistently as possible.

REFERENCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling
http://www.teachcircus.com/juggling1.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2006/0912-the_secret_to_juggling.htm

Endangered Fishes

HOW IMPORTANT FISHES ARE?

         Fish is any various cold-blooded or ectothermic, aquatic vertebrate, having gills, commonly fins and typically an elongated body covered with scales. Fishes are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans. According the definition above, all mammals, including Cetaceans like Whales and Dolphins, are not fish. In some contexts, especially in aquaculture, the true fish are referred to as finfish (or fin fish) to distinguish them from these other animals.

         Fish is very important in terms of food, the flesh or fishes used as food. Fish is a low-fat food, a great source of omega-3 that is good for the hearth, protein, vitamins and minerals. The oils of the fish are also important for unborn and newborn babies.

         Fish are the power house of an aquatic system, they provide the nutrients for the plants and if your growing edible fish, then they also provide protein for yourself.

         Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as "fish" are not fish in the sense given above; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish. In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction – sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles, even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.

         In this modern times, it is shockingly clear that many of our own fish species that are once found in incredible numbers in the oceans are now vanishing. Habitat destruction, pollution, competition from other species/introduction of exotic species in new environments, overexploitation and over fishing are the main reasons why there are endangered fish species.

         These are some of the endangered fish species in the Philippines:

SAILFISH

1.  SAILFISH is a large tropical and subtropical marine fish. (Istiophorus Platypterus) of the family Istiophoridae, distinguished by along high dorsal fin long pelvic fins, and a double keel on each side of the tail. Its another name is basking shark. Sailfish are highly prized game fish and are known for their incredible jumps. They can appear in a startling array of colors, from subdued browns and grays to vibrant purples and even silver. Their body colors are often highlighted by stripes of iridescent blue and silver dots. Sailfish can change their colors almost instantly; a change controlled by their nervous system. The sailfish can rapidly turn its body light blue with yellowish stripes when excited, confusing its prey and making capture easier, while signalling its intentions to fellow sailfish.

2. CHILEAN SEA BASS (Dissostichus Eleginoides) is a large food fish, found in the cold deep waters of the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. It is also called as patagonian toothfish. The Chilean sea bass is listed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium on its Seafood Watch list and pocket guides as a fish to avoid due to overfishing and high levels of mercury. Patagonian toothfish feed largely on squid, fish, and prawns and, in turn, constitute a large part of the diets of sperm whales, southern elephant seals, and colossal squid.

3. SWORD FISH ( Xiphias Gladius) is a large scrombroid fish, having the upper jaw elongated into a sword-like structure. Valued as a food and game fish. Another name of sword fish is broadbill in some countries, are large, highly migratory, predatory fish characterized by a long, flat bill. These fish can live close to shore.

 4. BLUE FIN TUNA  (Thunnus Thynnus) is a large tuna commonly located in temperate seas. Due to overfishing the genus has been significantly reduced, being effectively removed from some countries. Metallic blue on top and shimmering silver-white on the bottom is their color. They can swim up to 50 miles per hour when pursuing prey. They can grow up to 15 feet long and weight over 1,000 pounds. Atlantic bluefins are warm-blooded, which is a rare trait among fish, and are comfortable in the cold waters. 

 5. BLACK MARLINS (Makaira Indica) is one of the largest marlins and bony fish in the Pacific ocean. With a maximum published weight of 1700 pounds, but greater weights than this have been recorded. This kind of marlin is one of the fastest fish reaching the speed up to 80 mph. This kind of fish is too expensive if caught. 



6. BLUE MARLINS (Makaira Nigricans) are frequently compared and confused with black marlin, especially when the fish are under 100 kilos in weight. The biggest marlins are mostly females as males only grow to around 170kilos. Blue marlins roam the tropical ad sub-tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans. They are mostly found in water deeper than 100 meters and although they prefer water temperature of 24 degrees or more they can tolerate temperatures down to 21 degrees.

 7. WHITE MARLINS  (Tetrapturus Albidus) inhabiting the western Atlantic ocean. Pale blue above and silvery below. White marlins are elongated fish with a large upper jaw that forms a spear which is round in cross-section. Some of white marlins are large and some are small. Their average size is 20-30 kilos, same as the size of an Indo-Pacific sailfish. As of with females, they reach relatively larger size.


         Three-fourths of the world's surface is surrounded by water, and this water is the home of almost 200,000 fishes. Let us not abuse God's blessing! Start conserving and protecting fishes in some little ways. Stop pollution and overfishing. Bad karma might be an outcome of our actions, because 

NATURE IS OUR VERY BEST ENEMY.

REFERENCE:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaira_indica
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaira_nigricans
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailfish
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_sea_bass
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_fish